Thursday, August 27, 2020

What Does It Take to Get Into Tulane University?

With an acknowledgment pace of 26%, admission to Tulane is profoundly serious . All in all, what does it take to get it? Peruse on to discover. What could be superior to going to school in New Orleans? From Mardi Gras to performances, Tulane University may appear to be a relentless gathering. In any case, actually this southern school has all that anyone could need to offer the individuals who are scholastically disapproved. Actually, U.S. News and World Report positioned Tulane No. 40 on its rundown of the Best National Universities and No. 45 on a rundown of Best Undergraduate Programs. Furthermore, with in excess of 75 majors from which to pick, understudies don’t need to stress over finding a program that energizes them. While Tulane is obviously an incredible spot to go to school, getting into this foundation can be testing. Luckily, there are approaches to expand your chances of being acknowledged. Here’s our guidance for enhancing your affirmations profile for Tulane University. Tulane acknowledges both the Common Application and its own online application. To apply for Early Decision, present your materials by November 1. The Early Action cutoff time is November 15, and Regular Decision applications are expected by January 26. You can hope to get an affirmation choice by April 1. Tulane expects candidates to present the accompanying materials: Visual and performing expressions understudies have the choice of presenting a portfolio or tryout. Non-U.S. residents are likewise required to present a Certification of Finances report with their application. One of the most regarded colleges in the U.S., Tulane is normally exceptionally serious. In 2017, Tulane acknowledged simply 26% or 8,126 of the 32,006 understudies who applied, so applicants should be at the highest point of their game on the off chance that they would like to pick up passage. The normal GPA of conceded candidates was 3.51, the normal ACT score was 30, and the normal SAT score was 1410. Along these lines, while most Tulane understudies brag high GPAs and grades, the entrance advisory board thinks about different factors also. Alongside scholarly ability, the school searches out understudies who are energetic about what they do. By and large, Tulane is attempting to assemble a strong, energetic understudy body, so utilize your application to pass on your novel abilities and qualities. Evaluating your opportunity of getting into a school isn't simple in today’s serious condition. Fortunately, with our cutting edge programming and information, we can dissect your scholastic and extracurricular profile and gauge your odds. Our profile investigation instrument can likewise assist you with distinguishing the improvement you have to make to enter your fantasy school. Tulane University requires approaching first year recruits to have solid scholarly certifications. Forthcoming understudies should seek after a secondary school educational plan that incorporates the accompanying: Furthermore, Tulane steps through normalized exam scores into account when settling on confirmations choices. While the center half of understudies procure SAT scores somewhere in the range of 1420 and 1510, candidates might be satisfied to discover that the school superscores the test, considering the most noteworthy scores over all test dates. The center half of understudies who take the ACT win somewhere in the range of 31 and 33; lamentably, Tulane doesn't superscore this test. A few understudies may fit the bill for ensured admission to Tulane under the Focus Louisiana program . Here are the models required for ensured acknowledgment: Note that Guaranteed Admission candidates must apply to Tulane Early Decision. Except if you fit the bill for Guaranteed Admission, there’s presumably nobody approach to guarantee you get into Tulane. Notwithstanding, the accompanying advances can enable your application to stand apart from the pack: As per Tulane’s statement of purpose, the school is committed to helping â€Å"individuals, associations, and networks to think, to learn, and to act and lead with honesty and wisdom.† In the event that you need to help your chances of getting acknowledged at this southern school, utilize the discretionary articulation to show the entrance advisory board how you fit this portrayal. For instance, you should depict when you filled in as a pioneer in your school or network. The objective is to pass on why you’re a solid match for Tulane, alongside why the school is perfect for you. Universities aren’t sufficiently innocent to think understudies are just applying to one school. In any case, they need to realize that candidates are energetic about the chance of registering. You can exhibit your commitment by going to school fairs, meeting with affirmations reps, messaging inquiries to the confirmations advisor, and planning grounds visits. In the event that you do visit Tulane (or some other school on your rundown), don’t neglect to drop by the affirmations office to tell them you sufficiently minded to make the excursion. As indicated by Tulane’s Director of Admissions, Jeff Schiffman, the college is especially intrigued by understudies who have held down low maintenance occupations. Regardless of whether you attempted to set aside cash for school or get ready for a forthcoming profession, detail your involvement with your application materials. As opposed to berate yourself for neglecting to get into Tulane, recollect that there are a lot of other extraordinary schools out there. What's more, one of them couldn't want anything more than to have you. A few schools known for being like Tulane incorporate Vanderbilt, NYU, USC, UCLA, and Boston University. Resolved to head down south for school? You should think about Duke University, Washington and Lee University, Wake Forest University, or Emory University.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week June 2014 Social Currency Ranking

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week June 2014 Social Currency Ranking Rankings come in all shapes and sizes, but can any ranking truly capture social cachet?  For a different perspective on the value of an MBA, we turn to the  New York Times  society pages, where the editors select and profile promising couples. Each month, we dedicate one B-School Chart of the Week to tallying how alumni from top-ranked business schools are advancing their social currency ranking.   With June marking the halfway point in our 2014 tally of MBAs whose nuptials were mentioned in the  New York Times  wedding announcements, we present an overview of the past six months of data. The number of business school students and alumni who were highlighted in June aloneâ€"a total of 67â€"more than doubled our year-to-date figure, bringing the cumulative tally to 130 out of 600 weddings in 2014. Despite the sudden leap after a relatively slow May, the year-over-year numbers for June are strikingly similar, considering the aggregate tally was 127 out of 590 weddings at the same point in 2013. Wharton bettered CBS for the month to take the leader spot in our social currency rankings, claiming an aggregate yearly total of 24 mentions. These included the double-MBA wedding of Wharton alumnae  Ginny Too and Emily McNabb, both of whom now work in the Philadelphia office of McKinsey Company. In addition, Dartmouth Tuck made surprising gains for June, with five mentionsâ€"the first of any for the school this yearâ€"tying with Stanford GSB. Notably, these also included some double-MBA marriages, including that of Dartmouth Tuck alumnus  Matthew Woodward  to Stanford GSB alumna Neha Chauhan, and that of Tuck alumnus  Ryan McDonald  to HBS alumna Caroline Wilson. In another wedding of note, longtime news anchor, special correspondent, and television host  Katie Couric married Chicago Booth MBA John Molner, a partner at investment banking firm Brown Brothers Harriman. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

Monday, May 25, 2020

Homosexuality and Human Rights Essay - 1383 Words

Have you ever been treated so unfairly, but knew there was very little you could do to change it? If so, then you know exactly how many of the homosexuals in the world feel about the right to marry. Many homosexuals feel that this right has been kept just out of reach for them, due to others who despise them. These individuals believe that being gay is wrong, immoral and disgusting; but this is definitely not the case. Gay marriage should be allowed in the United States because this decision supports the idea of equal rights, the effectiveness of children with homosexual parents, and this act would do no harm to society. As stipulated in the definition of Equal Rights, the bill of rights contains ten amendments. It is inside these†¦show more content†¦Those weren’t acceptable answers to women who worked for full equality at the turn of the 19th Century†¦ and they aren’t acceptable answers to the lesbian and gay communities who are working for legal equality-- including marriage equality at the dawn of the new millennium. (27) Marriage is not the only right that gays want, but also any other rights that they are entitled to. In 2004, the US general accounting office found that exactly 1, 138 federal benefits are granted to married couples including filing joint tax returns and inheriting each other’s Social Security and pension benefits when one spouse dies (Kafka 25). These rights are crucial when it comes to an emergency. However, as a result of being only partners, not spouses, homosexuals never have the chance to act on these benefits. The situation we have now is not sufficient by any means. Furthermore, equal rights have been a problem in the workplace. Many people will not hire a homosexual for illegitimate reasons they claim are real. Although, there are those who actually do end up making it into the workforce, a number of them still have to face the fight for benefits they cannot receive because they are not married. Also, some gays are afraid that â€Å"coming out† will ruin their chances for a job, so they must ignore their sexuality and become something they are not (Kafka 16). There seems to be no acceptance or even tolerance forShow MoreRelatedViolation of Human Rights: Homosexuality and Military Essay2113 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Homosexuality is a recent issue in our society. This paper will analyze few different topics which come up with the theme of homosexuality. First of all, it will analyze the military approach to the LGB (lesbian, gay, bisexual) community in various countries around the world. Furthermore, it will explore the topic of Dont Ask Dont Tell policy (DADT) enforced in the 90s in USA. First of all, I would like to explain why did I chose the case of military „gaybanâ€Å" in the United StatesRead MoreThe Moral View Of Homosexuality1708 Words   |  7 Pagesargument of homosexuality being considered moral or immoral has been an argument for as long as humans have been in existence. This argument has been viewed by philological experts and people all over the world for centuries and it continues to be a major argument today. The moral view of homosexuality has many arguments, but the arguments that are going to be mentioned are the normative ethics argument, the argument on why the moral law is true when it comes to homosexuality, and why homosexuality shouldRead MoreHomosexuality Deserves Respect1294 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscrimination of homosexuality is still prevalent in many countries. Homosexuality rights have always been a controversy topic around the world. According to the basic law of Hong Kong, all citizens shall have equal rights (Chan, 2012). I n the beginning of this article, brief background information of homosexuality is provided. Then, the following paragraphs will show reasons why homosexuality should have human rights by analyzing this issue in three perspectives which includes human right, respect toRead MoreGay Marriage Is Morally Wrong1616 Words   |  7 Pagespeople think that way. As homosexuality has become an emerging topic since the Eighties, people have been hitching onto bandwagons about gay marriage being morally wrong. Is it though? Consider this: was this country built off of arguments coming from a bible draped in a plastic, one-sided American flag, that entails such perennial gems as â€Å"Adam and eve, not Adam and Steve,† and â€Å"Love the sinner, hate the sin† (Frye). From the standpoint of someone who supports gay-rights, then that is exactly howRead MoreHomosexuality Paper -Philosophy1526 Words   |  7 PagesIs Homosexuality Right Or Wrong? by Nazha Gali My topic is homosexuality and the natural law theory. The natural law theory, which was founded by Aquinas, rests on a certain view that the world has a rational order with values and purposes built into its very nature. And since homosexuality is against the orders of nature, the natural law theory totally condemns it. I disagree with this point of view because I choose not to judge homosexuals but instead I accept them as members of our society.Read MoreMainstream Acceptance of Homosexuality in our Society Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesMainstream Acceptance of Homosexuality in our Society In todays society, there exists a myriad of issues which, when discussed, tend to raise the temperature of the citizens proverbial blood. There are a handful of topics that always seem to escalate this temperature to the boiling point among individuals who earnestly participate in discussion, debate and argument. Some examples of such delicate subjects are the death penalty, abortion, and euthanasia. An issue that has in recent years,Read MoreHomosexuality in Malaysia1248 Words   |  5 PagesTO HOMOSEXUALITY IN MALAYSIA Recently, there are many issues about homosexuality had occurred. For example â€Å"Seksualiti Merdeka† or Sexuality Independence. Seksualiti Merdeka is an annual sexuality rights festival held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It features a programme of talks, forums, workshops, art, theatre and music performances, interactive installations, and film screenings, organised by a coalition of Malaysian NGOs, artists and individuals. Its aims are to affirm sexuality rights as aRead MoreDoes Homosexuality Change the Brain or the Brain Results in Homosexuality?1039 Words   |  5 Pages Homosexuality is a product of biology because according to research, the hormones of the females are stronger. Dr. Hamer states that sexual orientation, male homosexuality is genetically influenced. This is passed down through their mothers to the hormone of their offspring. Sexual identity is wired into the genes, which discounts the concept that homosexuality and transgender sexuality are a choice. Since sexual differentiation occurs within the womb, as a result of hormonal influences, it hasRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality1447 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is one of the most controversial topics in the world today. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalyst had his theory on human sexuality and claims, â€Å" all human beings were innately bisexual, and that they become heterosexual or homosexual as a result of their experiences with parents and others.† Many people view it as a natural thing, but others think it is absolutely wrong and utterly a personal choice. The Bible, other religions, and the world all have different opinions on thisRead MoreWhy Natural Law Theory Is an Inadequate Criticism of Homosexuality1147 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Law on these grounds, as well as proving that it is inapplicable when judging the ethical value of homosexuality, and discrediting homosexuality as a perversion. Act utilitarianism depicts the argument more clearly, because there are certain semantic inconsistencies with Kantian ethical Theory that will be discussed further on. Let us first consider the premise that homosexuality is contrary to Natural Law, because the Natural Law dictates that sexual relationships must be heterosexual

Thursday, May 14, 2020

10 Fascinating Facts About Aphids

As the joke goes, aphids suck. And while this is both literally and figuratively true, in some respects, any entomologist will tell you that aphids are interesting and sophisticated insects. Aphids Poop Sugar Aphids feed by piercing the phloem tissue of the host plant and sucking up the sap. Unfortunately, sap is mostly sugar, so an aphid must consume a lot of sap to meet its nutritional requirement for protein.  Much of what the aphid consumes goes to waste. The excess sugar is eliminated in the form of a sugary droplet called honeydew. An aphid-infested plant quickly becomes coated in the sticky excretions. Sugar-Loving Ants Tend to Some Aphids Anyone who has battled sugar ants in their kitchen can tell you that ants have a sweet tooth. Ants are therefore very fond of bugs that can poop large quantities of sugar. Aphid-herding ants will care for their adopted aphids, carrying them from plant to plant and milking them for honeydew. In exchange for the sweet treats they get from the aphids in their care, they provide the aphids with protection from predators and parasites. Some ants even take the aphids home to their nest during the winter months, keeping them safe until spring. Aphids Have a Lot of Enemies Im not just talking about gardeners, either. Aphids are slow, theyre plump, and theyre sweet to eat (presumably). A single plant can host hundreds or even thousands of aphids, offering predators a real smorgasbord of snacks. Aphid eaters include lady beetles, lacewings, minute pirate bugs, hoverfly larvae, big-eyed bugs, damsel bugs, and certain stinging wasps, among others. Entomologists even have a term for the many insects that feed on aphids – aphidophagous. Aphids Have Tailpipes Most aphids have a pair of tubular structures on their hind ends, which entomologists describe as looking like tiny tailpipes. These structures, called cornicles or sometimes siphunculi, seem to serve a defensive purpose. When threatened, an aphid releases a waxy fluid from the cornicles. The sticky substance gums up the mouth of the predator in pursuit and is thought to trap parasitoids before they can infect the aphid. Aphids Sound an Alarm When Theyre in Trouble Like many insects, some aphids use alarm pheromones to broadcast a threat to other aphids in the area. The aphid under attack releases these chemical signals from its cornicles, sending nearby aphids running for cover. Unfortunately for the aphids, some lady beetles have learned the aphid language, too. The lady beetles follow the alarm pheromones to locate an easy meal. Aphids Fight Back Aphids may look defenseless, but they dont go down without a fight. Aphids are expert kickboxers and will pummel their pursuers with their hind feet. Some aphids bear spines that make them challenging to chew on, and others are merely thick-skinned. Aphids are also known to go on the offensive, stabbing the eggs of predatory insects to kill their enemies in vitro. If all else fails, aphids stop, drop, and roll off their host plant to escape predation. Some Aphids Employ Soldiers for Protection Although not common, certain gall-making aphids produce special soldier nymphs to protect the group. These female guards never molt into adulthood, and their sole purpose is to protect and serve. Aphid soldiers are fiercely committed to their job and will sacrifice themselves if needed. Soldier aphids often have burly legs with which they can detain or squeeze intruders. Aphids Lack Wings (Until They Need Them) Aphids are generally apterous (wingless), and unable to fly. As you might imagine, this can put them at a considerable disadvantage if environmental conditions deteriorate, since they arent very mobile. When the host plant becomes a little too crowded with hungry aphids, or if its sucked dry and theres a lack of sap, the aphids may need to disperse and find new host plants. Thats when wings come in handy. Aphids will periodically produce a generation of alates – winged adults capable of flight. Flying aphids dont set any aviation records, but they can ride a wind gust with some skill to relocate. Female Aphids Can Reproduce Without Mating Because aphids have so many predators, their survival depends on their numbers. A quick and easy way to boost the population is to dispense with the nonsense of mating. Female aphids are parthenogenetic, or capable of virgin births, no males required. Like Russian nesting dolls, a female aphid may carry developing young, which are themselves already carrying developing young. This significantly shortens the development cycle and increases population numbers rapidly. Aphids Give Birth to Live Young You might expect a bug that seems so primitive to lay eggs like more other insects do, but aphids are pretty sophisticated when it comes to reproduction. There isnt time to wait for eggs to develop and hatch. So aphids practice viviparity, giving birth to live young. The aphids eggs begin to develop as soon as ovulation occurs, without any fertilization. Sources: Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallEncyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. CapineraAphid Ecology: An Optimization Approach, by Anthony Frederick George Dixon

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay - 1984 Words

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a category of birth disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. These can include physical or intellectual anomalies, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, aural, and fine or gross motor problems. (Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for women who are pregnant, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their full potential through both family and individual interventions. While there is no cure for FAS or FASD, appropriate treatments can aide individuals with these diagnoses to minimize the effects. According to the British Medical Association in 2007, FASD is the leading†¦show more content†¦(Streissguth, 2010) Currently, worldwide prevalence rates suggest that FASD affects as many as one in 100 children, and a study in England suggests that the incidence of FASD is underreported there. (Callanan, 2013) Fet al Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are likely underreported everywhere, based on this information, which makes early treatment interventions more difficult. Ideally, the best prevention for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is prevention, however women who are consuming alcohol during pregnancy may be less inclined to seek prenatal care, making it difficult to help them reduce and stop their alcohol consumption, which would prevent the occurrence of FASD and FAS. Since this is the case, FASD and FAS must be treated, rather than prevented. Like most therapeutic interventions, individuals with FASD and FAS are best treated early in life, therefore most interventions are aimed at treating children and adolescents. According to O’Connor and Paley (2009), there is extensive research that has documented significant cognitive, behavioral, adaptive, social, and emotional dysfunctions in peopleShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pageslead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growthRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant i s not brought to the people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some commonRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome2703 Words   |  11 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described theseRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor you

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Diceyan Model of Sovereignty free essay sample

An examination of the Diceyan model of minimal state and government intervention and its application to European law in the 70s. This paper analyzes the Diceyan model as a belief in limited government intervention and how this belief is in direct contrast to the new English law that emerged at the time. The Diceyan model of sovereignty was written within the context of the late 19th century and a belief in limited government and minimum state intervention. The modern 20th century has altered this context with the growth of government intervention and the role of the state; and many critics (before 1972) have stressed the limitations of this theory. Nonetheless, it is testament to the Diceyan model that it remains the classical definition of sovereignty. The UKs signing of the European Communities Act in 1972, however, was without doubt a major legal and political watershed and a challenge to the traditional Diceyan approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Diceyan Model of Sovereignty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The UK courts have been forced to gradually reconsider the traditional approach and arguably reduce their supremacy.